(feme speaker) A circle, the symbol of eternity.

has no beginning, it haso end, and as it grows, its endlesess encompasses and embres all it surrounds.

♪ [dmming and singing] ale speaker) "The nativesf the country "aboriginal Indians of deep chestnut color.

"Their hair, black and straight, "tied vaous ways, stuck through th feathers "for ornament orallantry.

"Their eyes black and sparkling.

"They arwell-limbed and featured "painting their faces, whether for beauty "or to render emselves formidable to thr enemies, I could not learn.

Thomas Ash, gentleman, clerk onboard His Majesty's Ship the ichmond," 1616.

(male rrator) These men are deendants of the native inhabitants of South Carolina.

Thr forefathers knew a time before there was a Carolina, and fe was survived by living f the land, a time when neither man nor animal nor plant life had crossed the Atlant in tall ships, when the lguage of civilization waIroquoian, Siouan, Muskogee, Yuch or Algonquin.

was a time before the wte man, when the land wa as native as her people.

♪ Long before the tribalames we know today-- the Catawba, the Kiowa, the Cherokee-- an earlier people walked the land we now call Carola.

Following herds of Ice A mammals they relied for food, these first ericans crossed the Beri Strait on a land bridgerom Asia some 11,000 yearago.

Exploring new territory, searching for warmer climate these Paleo-Indians made tir way to the American Soheast.

Lile is known of these hunr-gatherers, so littl they're identified (male speaker) What we find in South Carina are stone tools, chipped stone tools.

People often think of thes as arrowheads, spearhead We're talkg about a time before the invention the arrow, so they're spearads and knives.

(narrator) It is thought they hund in groups, their spr the only weapon against a faster and/ larger prey.

They tracked Amican mastodons, woodland bison, quail, rabbit, white-tailed deer, d wild turkey, to name ju a few.

Game in prehistoric Calina was varied and numers.

The native people studied here on t banks of the Savannah Rir are the first knowinhabitants of the Carolin.

that bringarcheologists to this si along the river.

(male speaker) We tryo be scientific about it and esent our evidence in ouremains we recover, but from a personal side, itan be thrilling to know you're, if you will, making a kind of contact with somebody who'been gone thousands of yrs ago.

(narrator) Thugh this contact, archeologists ve categorized periods ofvolution of the native people of the Southeast.

The evidence uarthed here is from the leo-Indian Era.

This time period isollowed by the Early, Middle, and Late Archa cultures.

The Gulf Formaonal and Woodland periods developed next, and the Mississippian cuure began approximately 000 years ago.

It was peoe of this most recent peod who encountered the first Europeans on Northmerican soil.

In additn to relics of the search r food, other ues to the lives of earlyouth Carolinians have been fod on rock formations, cls which are harder to decher.

ale speaker) Petroglyph is Greek word.

It means ock writing."

So all over the world, ro carvings or writings are own by a common term, peoglyphs.

(narrato These carvings are found invery region of the UniteSates.

In the msne arid sections of the cnty, th are easy to spot.

Inhe Southeast, vegetationmoss, or lichens can render these cryptic messages from the past a ttle harder to locate.

ale speaker) They're diffult to find.

These thgs don't jump at you.

That may be the reon so few have been discoved in Sth Carolina until recent yrs.

They stand out a rainy day, or a misty, foggy y is good.

At nig with a light, just skim over the rocks.

They'll ju right out.

(narrar) Little is known of what the markings mean or what ey represent.

Specation varies widely.

(Crles)I imagine they were people that were somewhat like us.

Maybe we thi of them as being primitive If we we to go to their world and try and cope with theiray of life, they mighthink we were stupid.

arrator) It is not known who created the petrlyphs found in South Carina, but whether Paleo-Indians from the late Ice Age or mounduilders from the Mississpian period, they all have one thing in common: the land.

(m (male speaker) "Thehole country consists "It abous with variety "of as brave oaks as the eye can behold, "bodies tall andtraight, from 60 to 80 fo!

"This makes the woods very commodious to travel , either on horseback or afoot."

"Arief Description of the ovince of Carolina," 1664.

(narrator) There are places ere the land has changed ry little since this passage was itten.

There are other plac where mu plant and animal life is not native to the sta.

If t imports have changed theists of horculture of the Palmetto ate, the natural landrms have re mained practical untouched.

♪ This rise from the oan to the Upcountry cabe divided into six landfm regions.

Emerging out ofhe AtltiOcn, the 185 miles of South Colina shoreline make up the astal Zone.

The Coastal Plain the largest region, covering appximately 2/3 of the state The broaCoastal Plain is divided to two sections: the relavely flat Outer Coastal ain and the more hilly Inr Coastal Plain.

About 55illion years ago, these sandy dus were the grand strand of a time when the Aantic co vered over half ofhe state.

Piedmont is derived from a French word meaning oot of the mountain."

Thname is appropriate.

This 100-mile-wide landform region lies at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains.

These mounins are part of the Appalhian range, which runs from Maine to Georgia.

The Blue Rid region makes up only of the state's landscape (male speaker) here is plenty of as richround "as any in the world.

"Iis a blackish mold upon aed sand "andnder that, clay, but in some aces is ri ch ground of a gyer color."

"A Brief Description of e Province of Carolina,"664.

(narrator) Th clay, this "gold," has been the raw matethal of both practical endeav and creative outlet.

In the mid-18th ntury, the fine, white olin clay found in the Pdmont region lured ents from England's renoed Wedgwood factory.

The 19th century saw thrise of the Edgefield pottery tradition that still exist today.

Sligly further upstate, another pottery traditio continues.

The potters of the Catawba nation are part of a utheastern ceramic traditn which predat the pot-makers of t Pueblo Indians of the Arican Southwest.

(female speaker) Whatas made the pottery so uque is that it is part of o heritage that has been passed downfrom generation to generatio literally unstped in the way that it was made by ourncestors, a link 450years ago being made the se today.

(nartor) In 1521, the lives of thesend other na tive inhabitantsf the state were changed forer.

♪ After Columbus sailed the Atlantic der a Spanish flag, Spaibegan exploring what was lieved to be a new world.

The route to the Ameris was a circular one.

A ship leavingurope sailed south to thAzores.

From there, caught the westwardly winds, which brought them to the West Indies.

Winds for the return trip could be caught off the cot of what wenow as South Carolina.

A settlement here would be strategically important.

is was the mission of Francisco Gordillo d Pedro de Quejo, to find a suitabsc settlement site.

They arred off what is now Caroli on August 18th, the feast day of Saint Helen and imdiately named the area Sta Elena.

Five years later, cas Vasquez de Ayllon gathed sixhips and over 500 men and women totart a colony in the regn of Santa Elena.

But settlement d success were not wor Ayllon's supply ship n aground and sank.

The Indian guides disappead into the forest, and 350 settlers, inuding Ayllon, did nosurvive the expedition.

It was a forecast of things to come.

In thepring of 1540, the Spanish governor of Cuba, on an pedition across the Southst, forded the Sannah River headinnorth from present-day Frida.

oking for gold and silver on the level of what w being brought out Herndo de Soto came upon a treare of a different sort.

(male speaker) "The next day, "the governor came to therossing "opposite the village of Cofitachequi.

"The chief Indiansame with gifts and a womachief, "ly of that land whom India of rank in a litter covere with delicate linen."

Rodrigo Rangel, 1540 (male speaker) We hava certain understanding of where people lived at different times.

Through these earlhistorical records, we're able to say where the erokee were, where the Catawba were,and now, where Cofitachequi wa We'vdone that now for most of thSoutheast using thde Soto accounts.

(narrator) De Soto never returned sth to Cuba, meeting a watery dth in the Mississippi.

But the stage waset for a settlement which would become the capital of thepanish empire in the Soueast, a settlement that uld set off a chain of ents which woulchange the land and her ople.

♪[drumming and singing] ♪ Th painted plate is one ofhe reasons to this golf course on Parris Island.

This pieced-together ceramic artifact was found in a garbageit next to a 16th-century anish building, a building th was constructed before the lost colony Roanoke, before Jamestown, before t Pilgrims arrived at Plyuth Rock.

re on what is now an acte Marine base are the remains of t colony of Santa Elena, an attempt by subjts of King Philip II of Sin toain a foothold in the Neworld.

Spain was t alone in this quest.

England and Fran were sending ships to explore the Americas, each country ting to gain dominance ov the other, ov the native peoples, and er the land itself.

These archeologistare looking fo r clues to tt time, a me when the history of Sou Carolina was dominated by these suggles for power, these ruggles for empire.

♪ ♪ To get the newfound tasures out Mexico and South Americ Spanh ships sailed the Gulf oMexico, through the Florida raits up t eastern coast of Florida to point off the South Caroli coast where theyaught the trade winds ading east and home to Spn.

Having a settlement Santa Elena would prove to b a convenience, rest stop before the long voyage across the Atlantic.

Finally, in 1562, anher attempt was made at settling the Saa Elena region, this time with more hiccess.

This time the settlers had a little more incentive to make a go it.

This time the settlers were French.

On the 17tday of May in 1562, Jean Ribault and his coany sailed into the snd at Santa Elena.

a name that is still used today.

ale speaker) "Having castnchor, "the captain with s soldiers went on shore.

"He found the place asleasant as possible, "a very op place, "and seeing a ple fit to build a fortress , "he caus the fort to be made in ngth abt 16 fathoms and 13 in brdth."

(narrator) The fortress was nameCharlesfort after Charles IX of Frae.

This was a reconnaissance mission in pparation for a settlement from which Spanish ships lan with gold could be attacked on tir way across the Atlanti Ribault ked for volunteers to staat the fort while he rurned to France to assemble the settlers ofhe New World.

(DePratter) Po men left here in Charlesrt ited and waited, finally ew tired of waiting, mutinied and killed theicommander, deded to build a boat and sailack to France, anthey made it part of the way ross the ocean but ran out ofupplies, and because of difficultie were forceto turn to cannibalism and consumed one of their pty.

They finally were rescd by ships that Ribault had bn able to obtain fr the Queen of England.

(nrator) In the meantime, Spain was not pleased with the thought of a French settlement on Spanish land, th French ships plunderi Spanish treasure.

They were not pleased th the French.

Now was the time to rethi settli along the shores of Nor America.

In April of 1566,Peo nendez and his men reestablished a fortified st at Santalena on Parris Island.

A month later, reinforcements arrived, d the fort was enlarged.

In the months befo the settlers arrived, expeditis were mounted to explore the interior the new land.

The goal was to fi a way to transport trease fr Mexico to the Atlantic ast.

This overld route would avoid pi rateand privateers.

The most extensive eloration was led by Juan rdo in 1556 and 1567.

Pardo and s company traveled beyondhe Appalachians, building forts and keeping extensive recos.

The urnals of the Pardo missi have given historians a glimpse of the ountry before the white m. the subjects of Spanish erica be gan to arrive.

By the end of the suer of 1569, there were neay 400 soldiers and settls and over 50 houses in Sta Elena.

In 1571, things began to lo up.

Pedro nendez himself relocated hihousehold to the settlemt.

he broug canopy beds, a pewter tle service for 36, carpet and saddles.

(DePratter) Me nendezade this th e capital of Spash Florida.

Alactivities relating to theapital of the province would have taken place here There would have been shs coming and going, bringing supplies all the time.

The would have been cattleoaming on the outskirts the fields.

It was jt an ordinary town.

(narrator) But the opmism of those early yearwas not to last.

Menendez died in 1574, and the surviving settlers were not skilled in handling Amnative relations.

In the summer of 1576, the colony was ecuated under an Indian atta.

With San Elena abandoned, the capital moved St. Augustine, bunot wanting to give up thr strategic location, another settleme at Santa Elena was tried but nofor long.

English raider s Sir Francis Drake sacked San Domingo and St. Augustinin 1586.

Santa Elena was to be the xt.

But e winds were not favorabl Drake's ras to the south convinced e Spanish they could not protect both St. Augustine and Santa Ela, and since the capital had been moved, the decisi was made to abandon Santalena.

By 1587, e Spanish were no longer in t Port Royal Sound area.

These meand women who spend theitime working on this and her archeological sites are detectives in another guise.

The clues to tir quest are found In t subsoil, we can see darker ains ofosts opi that have been dug to get sand or whatever.

The Spaniards dug manyits, then threw their garge in to fill 'em up.

Those are interestinplaces, we call artifactraps, for pottery, broken pottery, pins, and buttons, and thingspaniards discarded while ey were here.

(narrator) The te is marked off in a gr, and each square is numred.

Dirt from each square shaken through screens to remove loose so and sand.

(South) We take dustpans and lift things at don't go through and put m in boxes.

Then we take ose boxes to a wat screen part of our proce, and they unload those boxes into a finer mesh screen, and then we'll wash it.

We'll find somof it is Spanish pottery, some Plantation pottery, some Indian pottery.

We can, for the first time,see what we're getting.

(narrator) The story of thepanish on Parris Island is being uncovered one square foot at a time.

Buwhat of the French fortifations?

What of Charlesfort?

For 432 years, the location of the ench fort ha s remained a mtery... until 1996.

After reful study, pieces of ttery found in a pre-Spash ditch excavated at Santa Elena the first years of the dig were reexamined.

Could they possibly French?

CoulCharlesfort be right undethe feet of the archaeolosts?

Shards of non-Spish pottery dug up at Saa Elena were taken to expert in Williamsburg.

He vified we did indeed have Frch ceramics.

We haven found French ceramics like tt in anywhere el in the town of Santa Elena On the basis of that, we me the announcement that we felte had found Charlesfort.

arrator) The French fort was actually under one of the Spanish forts.

A 432-year-old mysteryas finally solved.

But the English we not to be left out of t land rush for the Americ.

Jamestown in Vginia was settled in 160 e Pilgrims arrived in Masechusetts in 1620.

And English plters arrived in Barbados in the Wt Indies in 1625.

In 13, Charles II granted thland called Carolina toight men who were instrumtal in rtoring the English crown ter Oliver Cromwell.

From Virgia to Spanish Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, it wasn immense tract of land.

These were the eight Los Proprietors.

Their names ve remained with us evenoday.

♪ Edward Hyde, Earl oClarendon.

♪ orge Monck, Duke of Alberle.

♪ William Lord Cven.

♪ John Bkeley, Baron of Stratton.

♪ thony Ashley Cooper, Earlf Shaftesbury.

♪ Sir George Carteret.

♪ Sir Willm Berkeley.

♪ SiJohn Colleton.

♪ In August of 1669, settlers for the colony t sail from England and eland bound for the New World.

By Novemr, they had reached the st Indies who wanted to y their luck in the new cony.

Th arrived off the coast ofarolina in April o1670 after surviving hurranes and the loss of re than one ship.

A settlement wastarted what is now known as Albarle Point.

It was dubbeCharles Town after the Enish king.

The colonists immediately set to work building a for for protection, not as mh from the Indians, but from the Spanish to t south.

They slept protected by the walls of the fort and spent their daysorking the 10-acre plots land seaside for wheat, tobacco,ranges, Charles Townegan to flourish.

By 1672, the colonis numbered between 200 and00 anlived in 30 houses built onarolina soil.

By 1679, there s talk of finding an even better locion for the king's namese city.

The next year, Chars Town was moved across the Ashley Rir to a site just north of a large whi oyster bed.

was the beginning of a cy that would take its ace as one of the larges finest, anwealthiest in the New Wor.

It appeared that after 150 years, England had won the strule, the struggleo create an empire in theew World.

These musicis and others like them ve a love of traditionalusic, music th dates back to a time when tall ships brought settlers a new land of opportunies.

The tunes th play are from England, Geany, Scotland, Ireld, France, and the BritisWest Indies.

Here, one tune folws another, comingogether to form a collecon, a medley of tradional music.

An English tune is plad by a fiddler of German dcent, Irish melody picked out by a mandolin player th Dutch ancestors, guitar chords fill in ♪ In somways, the music reflectshe people who rst came to this country: the English, the Frenc the Scots, the Irish, the Germans, the Dch, the Swiss, the Welsh, the Afn cans.

Some of the cultur of these early Carolinia has change very little sie the day they stepped ithe colony.

Some have transformed to reflect the new environme as ties to the Old Wor began to fade.

ch group has brought somethg to the circle.

Each group is part of t medley called Carolina.

♪ Unlike the older cies of Boston and New York Charles Town w a planned city from the ginning.

retching from what is now East Bay to Meeting, the young settlement was taking shape.

(male speaker) "T town is regularly laid o "into large and capacious streets, hich to buildings is gre ornament and beauty.

"In they have reserved convient places "for building a church, "town house, and other public structure "aartillery ground for theimilitia, "and wharves for the convenience of their tra and shipping."

Thomassh, 1682.

(nrator) The first non-Englh to try their lk in the new colony arved soon after Charles To was founded.

The neomers were Protestants, oHuguenots, from France, escapingatholic persecution.

[accented English] e proprietors started publhing pamphlets, promotional pamphlets, in the 1680s, and some othem were in French.

they talk about the beautifuvegetation, freedom of worship, easy naturalization, you kn, and, you know... political rights, ny of these advantages.

Sohat, this is it.

That madthem see Carolina as theromised land, as a land milk and honey.

(narrator) Familyam, street nam, place names: the Huguen influence can still be ft throughout South Carolina ♪ Thnames-- Manigault is auguenot name.

Ravenel,alliard.

Guerard is another o. Horry...Marion.

Lauren would say [low-ron] in Freh.

These are famousHuguenot names, yeah.

[carriage jingling (female speaker) "Dembark from your ship ango ashore.

"The first street you'll reach is Bay Street.

"Walk up this reet, and turn into BroaStreet, "where you'll find thpublic buildings.

"While here, stop in at St. Michael's.

"Walk on among the residences, "with highalls surrounding highly ctivated gardens "behind gates withron grillwork.

"Outside of town, s "the gentlemen live like sovereigns on plantations and have as if they were in Ldon."

(narrator) Ch arleon in the 18th century?

.

Barbad in the 17th century.

the most influential of a the new colonists.

Th had been surviving and mang money in theew World since 1625. is it was a very small isld, and by theiddle of the 17th century, most arable land habeen gobbled up.

They were not oducing enough food to suain the island.

ey viewed South Carolina be their colony, a colony of a cony.

(narrator) There scarcely a part of early Sth Carolina that was notouched by the experienced hds of these transplante islanders.

In a number of ways, Carolina was less the southernmost English coly and more the norernmost settlement of Baados.

Life in Caroli was not easy, but progre was being made.

By 1685,he colonists could turn tir attention beyond simple surviv.

More and more ships arrived in Charles Town's harbor, with more d more settlers for the Palony.

By 1690, Charles Town had become Ashe need to survive gave way to the need to expand, colonis moved beyond the city wls to cultivate land inhe country.

These country estates were mere shadows of t plantations to come.

Animal furs, althe rage in Europe, were the colony's chief way to make money.

The furs were obtaed th rough trade with the Iians, an exchange that wasften mismanaged and abusive toward the tive South Carolinians.

Because of the Navigion Acts, goods had to be boug and sold in English marks at prices arbitrily set by English merchts.

The colonists, without a profitable agricultural expo, were fced to rely on independe merchants, merchants with aunusual trademark.

Their names were infamous: Edward Tch, or Blackbeard; and StedBonnet, the Gentleman Pite.

Bo were familiar sights inharles Town harbor.

The colonists boug goods at reasonable pric, in addition to t turned heads of Colonial thorities.

It was a win-win situatio until the late690s, when a small, whitgrain brought money and prtige to the Lowcountry.

(male spker) Well, there are a couple of theories about the introducti of rice into South Carolin One of thethat was prominent for a lo time s that it had come from Madascar, which is an African land off of the east coast offrica.

Most of the slaves wercoming from West Africa, and it'smuch more likely that rice and knowdge of rice cultivation came fm West Africa.

(narrato The cultivation of rice requires a large labor for workg vast amounts of land.

Becausthe crop was still new tohe Colonial planters, an understandi of the grain itself was an asset to the early rice plantatis.

As more slaves from the African coast arved in the colony, Carolina re planters developed a geographic preference when searching r a field worker.

riThe most desired slave was from the Senegambia area, the rice-producing rion of the dark continen (Littlefield) Africa had not only knowledge rice cultivation but variouother kinds of skills.

This was very different fr Virginia, ere they may have been aware of some African skills, but they were mostly ccerned abougetting Africans to do fid labor, whereas there was an interes in South Carolina for getting Afcans who had a variety ofkills.

(narrar) This vast workforce ought together peoples from diffent regions of Africa, inost cases for the first me.

As these peoe lived and worked togetr, a new culture was formed fo (female speaker) The people came together as group from various Afrin tribes ring the time when South rolina was colonizing, and they ford the Gullah culture as type of creolization of dferent types of cultures.

So it formed on American so.

Contrary to popular belief, it was her that Gullah culture formed (narrator) Having a ver profitable export crop made the Colonial anters more protective of shi leaving Charles Town harr, ships which were stl vulnerable to pirates and priveers.

Soon these iegal traders found themsees less welcome off thCarolina coast.

By the turn of t 18th century, the hangman's noose d abruptly ended severa seafaring careers.

In addition pirates, the colonists found themlves from theative inhabitants.

The tension betwn the newcomers anthe red Carolinians was ineasing.

In 171 e mae opened warfa in the Lowcouny.

(male speaker) The Yamasee Indians were particularly bloodthity and warlike Indians.

They slaughtered all the glish traders in theirillage of Pocotaligo and se the red stick of war acro the frontier.

All thCreek Indian tribes who we their cousins, l the way to Alabama, killed all the English tders in a day, and the frontier was ld waste within a matter of week.

At that point, 9,0 Creek and Yamasee Indians descended upon the colonyofouth Carolina, caused the evacuation of Beaufort, destroyed l the lives of the early settlers Colleton County-- virtually everybodyin Colleton County was kied by Indians-- and nearly tk Charleston in 1715. arrator) When it was all er, Carolinaould be thankful for effos on this side of tck Atlantic.

Pleas for help from theords Proprietors were met with excuses anfeeble answers.

These same responses were given en the colonists asked fohelp wi the increase of pirates f the coast.

♪ By 1718, ackbeard and Stede Bonnet were finally caut and killed... but not by English troop All of the original Lords Proprietors had died.

Their successors had lost faith in the economic advantag in Carolina.

It w time for a change.

In 1719, South Carola petitioned the king to be a royal colony.

It was a statement of defiance against the standing Lords Proprietors.

dgar) When the Revolutioof 1719 took place-- North Carolina didn't havethe courage to rebel agast the proprietors.

South Carolinad of course, did.

It was reall a conspiracy of almost the entire white adult male population.

(narrator) The first yal governor arrived twyears later, in 1721.

But the yearthat followed saw no sigorficant changes.

More and more ople arrived in Charles Tow oking for the opportunities of the New World.

In 1730, a planas devised to ease the influx of newmers to the colony, (me speaker) "The plan of settling townships, "especiaeyy as it came accompanied with the royal bounty, has proven beneficial many respects."

Alexander Huet, 63.

(narrator) Th e selers of these townships not only helped the colony spread t added to the cultural versity that called itself Carolina.

ly about 37% was English.

Outside of Pennsylvania, it's the smallt English percentage in y colony.

In fact, we probably were the most heterogeneous coly in terms of white polation: nine different enic groups.

(male speaker) They all interacted th one another in this new crucible of Carina toreate a unique new culture And it's not exactly abstraction to me.

Among my ancestors, who rdially hated one another, were Engli Barbadians and French Hugnots and mercifully, theyut aside some of their hostities and eventually marri one another!

(narrator) In the backcountry, ese townships were only t beginning of t settlement that is to ce.

In the Lowcotry, it is only the beginni of the wlth and power of the colony in the8th century.

The backcountrsettlers, their Lowcount cousins, and the creasing numbers of Afric slaves are all coected.

Each gro has played their own instrument of ctribution in theedley called South Carola.

♪ ♪ Of theen wealthiest men in the colonies inhe 18th century, nine called SoutCarolina home.

In721, membership in the Coons House of Assembly was dendent on ownership of 500 acres of land and 10 slaves, or rl estate worth 10,000 poundsterling.

Near half of the adult males re eligible.

This was a colony founded on the ideal of making mon.

It didn't matter how you made your fortune.

Here you could raise yourocial standing by increasing your ecomic standing.

It was a concept foreign tohose whose ruling cla was determined by birthrht.

But the elite of the Lcountry and the pioneers the Upcountry might as well have been separated by an ocean, soifferent were their worl.

While anters along the coast struggled wi the price of rice and entertainment opportities in Charles Town, the Upcountry landhold on the Carolina frontier struggled th the transportation of ods along the treacherouswagon roads and teous relationships with t surrounding Indians.

the Upcountry planter, Charles Town socie was a world apart.

♪ ♪ was encroaching into Chekee hunting grounds and Catawba land It was becoming re and more apparent that the survival of the colony would depend on their relationship wi the Indians.

is was a fact that royal vernor James Glen was painfully aware of... d challenged by.

alliances th the Indians could be beficial both political and economically to all des.

Handlepoorly, the Upcountry wod run red with blood... from botsides.

But in the b picture, th e French were e real enemy.

With for stringing from the St. Lrence to New Orleans and Mole, the troops of King Louis XV were strategically placed to strangle the thglish or push them into e sea.

The solution was to form liances with tribes friendly to t English crown.

rough a series of meetingand treaties, Glen managed to end the sradic wars between the Creeks d Cherokee and promised to fht These and other coromises and promises helpedo create much-needed alli of the red Carolinians.

Part of the agreements with these new allies included a serie of Colonial forts stringing into the Uountry.

But the peace was no to last long.

The French began pressung the Cherokee to break tir treaty with the Engli.

A meeting was held at Suda Oldtown in the Upcoury.

Despere, Governor Glen promised a he could, and the Cherokee finally cognized the power of the English king.

The great sigh of lief was short-lived.

Glen's replaceme did not have the arbitration skills of his predecessor.

Pressures incrsed as promises could not- or wouldot-- be kept.

Finally, the powder keg burst, and the Upcountry erupted with bloody atrocities instigat from both sides.

A rce of British redcoats re called in, d the Indians were suppresd.

Althoughhe number of Indians acro the state d been greatly diminished their names echo through the centuries.

Some can still be hea.

hers are gone forever.

(DePratter) Weee them reflected in theiver systems today.

So the Savannah River, the Sada, the Congaree, the hepoo, the Combahee, the PeDee, are all names of Indiagroups who lived here when Eopeans came.

(narrar) Down the wagon trails from Pennsylvania and the Ohio River Valley they came.

Befo 1750, e settlement of the Upcountry was from the coast.

Afr 1750, settlers poured in from the North.

The Germans ca first.

(male spker) They settled in sma, discreet areas in places like the Dch Fork.

It reminds us thatt was originally Deutsch, "German."

And...my own family was one of these families that came, and I gr up in South Carolina thinng that eating saage and sauerkraut was something thatverybody did.

(narrar) The Scots-Irish llowed the Germans and, like eir predecessors, were aintrepid, hearty lot, With names lik(nCalhoun, Ja ckson, Kennedy, d Anderson, they fild the Upcountry, taming the frontiewith their strength and ienuity.

All the country settlers were a dferent breed an their Lowcountry couss.

Wi little or no slaves, the tools of the frontr were simple.

A hand hoe cultivated the ck-filled ground.

An ax and saw built homes.

A musket orifle brought food.

(Huff) These peopleame with land grants, so they d substantial holdings.

They very often brought with them their books, and theitables.

They had a sver candelabra, pewter plas, and they were eating and ding in the same kind of ste log cabins of necessy became manor houses of mfort, t, by comparison, the plantations ofhe Lowcountry were palatl estates.

The dream of most wcomers to the American lonies was toake enough money to join e landed gentry.

The dream became reality the Lowcountry, ually in two to three years after arrival.

(Edgar) If you were a younman with get-up-and-, you could make youway in South Carolina.

It'sho you were, not who your gnddaddy was.

(narrator) The countrestate was the 18th centu's ultimate symbol of fincial success.

Here a planter would livin lu xury until the summer nths, when fear of malaria and e call of city life broke the rural monotony.

♪ In Charles Tow there were dances, theat, music, pple, excitement.

Wardrobes in the fint silks and satins anthe latest style fr om Europgraced the wealthy.

♪ Houses in the city werfilled with elegant furniings.

anbooks, the symbols of thelite, filled t shelves of Ch arleston-madcabinet pieces.

♪ These are so the houses of the merants anagents of the planters, ruling class themselves.

The business of the cy was as intoxicating as any tavern offering.

It aracted all comers.

The Huguenotand the Scots most oftennswered the call.

(Ruymbeke) Therare a few expressions th are...related to the Huguet migration, but they are old-fashioned expressions.

"Rh as Huguenot" would be one And also calling uth Carolina "the home of the Hugnots."

But it's expression thatou find under the pen of 19th ntury historians orlder people would use here ithe community.

(narrator) Names ke Wragg, Brewton, and Pngle are among the names ofhe Scots who tradedhe persecution of the Oldorld for e fortunes of the new.

This is inteational trade.

're not just talking about mebody who had dry goods store.

They were factors for ce and indigo planters.

They dea directly with people in Ldon, Lisbon, the islands of the Carbean, Boston, and New York (narrator) ese and other professionallike them from relativelsmall offices usuay located on the first for of their in-town sidences.

Sh ping trade was handled fr the Exchange Building at the end of Bad Street.

Compled in 1771, is example of Palladian ahitecture also included a custs house and provost dungn.

All goods arving or departing fr om theouth's busiest port did so through this building.

Prior 1745, the major money cr leaving Chars Town was rice.

Afte1746, indigo was running a ose second.

The success of the be cakes of dye usedo color the world's textes s due to the tenacity of aoung girl ft on her own to run her ther's plantations.

She was 16 years old Bornn the British West Indies d educated in Europe, Eliza Lucas deveped a fascination for botany at a young age.

With see sent by her father, she conducted experiment on different scies of indigo plants.

(female speaker) "Wte my father a very long tter "on his pltation affairs an d on his cnge of commission "and on the pas I have taken "to bring the indi, ginger, "cotton,ucerne, and cassava to pfection, nd have the greatest hopes for the indigo than any of the re of the things I have tri."

Eliza Lucas, July 1740.

(narrator) By 174 she had developed a successful crop apted to the Carolina Lo ountry.

Indigo expts went from 5,000 pound to 130,000 pound in two years.

By 1765, over 500,000 pnds of indigo were shipped from Crles Town harbor, and iza Lucas stepped into hisry.

e political structure of t port city was dominated by the Bbadians, or Goose Creek Men as they have become know With these transplantedslanders came the domation of the Anglican chur.

♪ ♪ ♪ (Rowland) These pashes became political uni and remained political uni of the Lowcountry until the Constitution of 1865.

In the Coloniaperiod, elections were not oy held in the Anglican chur, but thwardens of the Anglican chch parishes were responsible for counng the ballots, and e vestry of the Anglican chch were equalent of county councils tod.

They were local hevernment.

(narrato As the Anglican church parhes became the organizing structure of the colony, the eeples of St. Philip's anSt.

Michael's dominad the Charles Town skyli.

(male speaker) "Besides the churches, "the are meeting houses "for the members of thehurch of Scotland, "for those called indendents, "two f Baptists, one for French and one for German ProStstants."

Geor Milligan-Johnston, 1763 oyner) In addition, the were large numbers of Js in South Carolina.

than in any other state in the first census the United States.

The reason was that Southarolina hamade it possible for Jews tvote, the first entity on this plane to make that possible.

(male spker) They came from e Caribbean islands.

They came fr England, Europe by way England.

They came to Southarolina because they fnd here a very welcome soi The lastated, in effect, that a group ich wanted to establish a region, if they had seven or eight pple, they could do so.

(narrato As Jewish residents of the colony flourished, soid the Scots and Scots-Iris the Germans and the Gean-Swiss, the French anWelsh.

Their influences joined those of the Afran culture and the Native Arican.

After while, a seemingly short whe, the ties to the Old World began to fade.

The colonists began tohink of themselves less and less as svants of another and more and more as a cture evolved, asouth Carolinians and as Aricans, to a world apa from the British crown.

unfire blasts] (female speaker) ThEuropeans, the Indians, the Africans: somemes it is hard to know whe one culture begins and thother ends.

Its a circle, a circle of inritance.

(Huff) In South Carolina, the past is not really past.

It all around you.

So after you learnore about the Colonial piod, you need to keep your eyes on an d your ears tuned to look at the nam of rivers, the mes of families, the thin people eat, and you'll see a direct connection with 200 yea of heritage in South Carina.

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